邪教透视——琼斯镇惨案（上）

本文摘自《个人与群体事件的本质》第六章“控制下的环境，以及正面与负面的集体行为”第八三五节

小编注：1978年11月18日，美国邪教组织“人民圣殿教”的信徒在教主吉姆·琼斯的胁迫下，在南美洲圭亚那琼斯镇集体自杀。共有913人喝氰化物中毒身亡，其中包括276个儿童，那些拒绝自杀的人被强行灌下氰化物，或被枪杀、勒死。吉姆·琼斯随即开枪自尽。整个营地只有四人幸免于难，其中两人是冒死逃跑的，另两人是行动不便和耳聋的老人，由于被别的信徒忘却而幸存。这起震惊全球的集体自杀事件被称为“琼斯镇惨案”或“人民圣殿教惨案”。

许多人在最近的圭亚那琼斯镇惨案里失去了生命。他们在领袖的命令下心甘情愿地服毒自尽。没有军队包围那个地方，没有炸弹的投落，没有传染大众的病毒，也没有粉饰事件运作机制的外衣。那些人毁于一个信念的流行病，毁于一个精神与物质上双重封闭的环境。“恶徒”是以下概念的组合：世界是不安全的，而且每况愈下；人类本身被一个致命的意图所玷污；个人对他自己的实相没有掌控权；社会状况本身像是固定的东西，而社会目标与个人成就是背道而驰的；最后一点是“为了正当目的可以不择手段”，而在这个世界上任何一种神明的行为都是无力的。

死的那些人是理想主义者——高度夸张的完美主义者，他们对“善”的渴望恰恰被上述信念所玷污和扭曲，因为那些信念必然使人渐渐从生活中感知不到善的存在。

人具有善良的意图。当你随时随地在人的意图中见到恶——在你自己及别人的行为里见到，那么你就会与自己的存在对抗，与你的同类为敌。你专注于理想与经验之间的鸿沟，直到那鸿沟成了唯一的真实。你不会看到人的善意，或者你会对之冷嘲热讽——因为与你的理想相比，世界的善看起来是如此微小，以至于成了一种笑话。

到了这种程度，经验会变得封闭起来。这种人害怕自己，害怕他们存在的本质。他们可能是聪明或愚蠢的，有才气或平庸的，但他们害怕发现自己的本来面目，害怕按照自己的愿望去行动。他们协力创造了一种教条、体系或邪教团体，使自己“成为牺牲品"。他们期待领袖替他们行动。在某种程度上，这个领袖吸收了他们的偏执，直至这种偏执成为他内在一种不可抑制的力量，而他是他们的“受害者”，正如他的追随者也是他的“受害者”一样。

Many people lost their lives recently in the tragedy of [Jonestown] Guyana. People willingly took poison at the command of their leader. No armies stood outside the grounds. No bombs fell. There was no physical virus dial spread through the multitude. There was no clothing to decorate the mechanisms of events. Those people succumbed to an epidemic of beliefs, to an environment [that was] closed mentally and physically. The villains consisted of the following ideas: that the world is unsafe, and growing deadly; that the species itself is tainted by a deadly intent; that the individual has no power over his or her reality; that society or social conditions exist as things in themselves, and that their purposes run directly counter to the fulfillment of the individual; and lastly, that the end justifies the means, and that the action of any kind of god is powerless in the world.

The people who died were idealists — perfectionists of exaggerated quality, whose very desire for the good was tainted and distorted by those beliefs just mentioned. For those beliefs must gradually shut out perception of good from experience.

Man is of good intent. When you see evil everywhere in man's intent — in your own actions and those of others — then you set yourself up against your own existence, and that of your kind. You focus upon the gulf between your ideals and your experience, until the gulf is all that is real. You will not see man's good intent, or you will do so ironically — for in comparison with your ideals, good in the world appears to be so minute as to be a mockery.

To this extent experience becomes closed. Such people are frightened of themselves, and of the nature of their existence. They may be intelligent or stupid, gifted or mundane, but they are frightened of experiencing themselves as themselves, or of acting according to their own wishes. They help create the dogma or system or cult to which they "fall prey." They expect their leader to act for them. To a certain extent he soaks up their paranoia, until it becomes an unquenchable force in him, and he is their "victim" as much as his followers are his "victims."

——摘自《个人与群体事件的本质》（The Individual and the Nature of Mass Events）

校译：Laujenny 美编：代苏

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